Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 217-221 , December 2005

The Relationship Between Tourette Syndrome, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stimulant Medication: A Critical Review

  • Gerald Erenberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Gerald Erenberg, MD, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue-S71, Cleveland, OH 44195.

References 

  1. Kelman DH . Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children (a review of the literature) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1965;6:219–226
  2. Sweet RD , Solomon GE , Wayne H , et al.   Neurological features of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1973;36:1–9
  3. Golden GS . Tourette syndrome. The pediatric perspective . Am J Dis Children . 1977;131:531–534
  4. Comings DE , Comings BG . Tourette’s syndrome and ADHD (are they genetically related?) . J Am Adolesc Child Psychiatry . 1984;23:138–146
  5. Erenberg G , Cruse RP , Rothner AD . Tourette syndrome. An analysis of 200 pediatric and adolescent cases . Cleve Clinic Q . 1986;53:127–131
  6. Jankovic J , Rohaidy H . Motor, behavioral and pharmacologic findings in Tourette’s syndrome . Can J Neurol Sci . 1987;14:541–546
  7. Sverd J , Curley AD , Jandorf L , et al.   Behavior disorder and attention deficits in boys with Tourette syndrome . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1988;27:413–417
  8. Singer HS , Rosenberg LA . Development of behavioral and emotional problems in Tourette syndrome . Pediatr Neurol . 1989;5:41–44
  9. Singer HS , Schuerholz LJ , Denckla MB . Learning difficulties in children with Tourette syndrome . J Child Neurol . 1995;10:S58–S61
  10. Coffey BJ , Park KS . Behavioral and emotional aspects of Tourette syndrome . Neurol Clin North Am . 1997;15:277–289
  11. Dooley JM , Brna PM , Gordon KE . Parent perceptions of symptom severity in Tourette’s syndrome . Arch Dis Childhood . 1999;81:440–441
  12. Kadesjo B , Gillberg C . Tourette’s disorder (epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39:548–555
  13. O’Quinn AN , Thompson RJ . Tourette’s syndrome (an expanded view) . Pediatrics . 1980;66:420–424
  14. Harcherik DF , Carbonari CM , Shaywitz SE , et al.   Attentional and perceptual disturbances in children with TS, ADD, and epilepsy . Schizophrenia Bull . 1982;8:356–359
  15. Silverstein SM , Como PG , Palumbo D , et al.   A comparison of impaired attention in adult TS and ADHD patients . Ann Neurol . 1992;32:277
  16. Harris EL , Schuerholz LJ , Singer HS , et al.   Executive function in children with TS and/orADHD . J Int Neuropsychol Soc . 1995;1:511–516
  17. Schuerholz LJ , Baumgardner TL , Singer HS , et al.   Neuropsychological status of children with TS with and without ADHD . Neurology . 1996;46:958–965
  18. Spencer T , Biederman J , Harding M , et al.   Disentangling the overlap between TD and ADHD . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1998;39:1037–1044
  19. Schuerholz LJ , Singer HS , Denckla MB . Gender study of neuropsychological and neuromotor function in children with TS with and without ADHD . J Child Neurol . 1998;13:277–282
  20. Sherman EM , Shepard L , Joschko M , et al.   Sustained attention and impulsivity in children with TS (comorbidity and confounds) . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1998;20:644–657
  21. Pierre CB , Nolan EE , Gadow KD , et al.   Comparison of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorder . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 1999;20:170–176
  22. Budman CL , Bruun RD , Park KS , et al.   Rage attacks in children and adolescents with TD . J Clin Psychiatry . 1998;59:576–580
  23. Stephens RJ , Sandor P . Aggressive behaviour in children with TS and comorbid ADHD and OCD . Can J Psychiatry . 1999;44:1036–1042
  24. Carter AS , O’Donnell DA , Schultz RT , et al.   Social and emotional adjustment in children affected with TS (associations with ADHD and family functioning) . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2000;41:215–223
  25. Spencer T , Biederman J , Coffey B , et al.   Tourette disorder and ADHD . Adv Neurol . 2001;85:57–77
  26. Brand N , Geenen R , Oudenhoven M , et al.   Brief report (cognitive functioning in children with TS with and without comorbid ADHD) . J Pediatr Psychol . 2002;27:203–208
  27. Sukhodolsky DG , Scahill L , Zhang H , et al.   Disruptive behavior in children with Tourette’s syndrome (association with ADHD comorbidity, tic severity, and functional impairment) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2003;42:98–105
  28. Gadow KD , Sverd J . Stimulants for ADHD in child patients with Tourette’s syndrome (the issue of relative risk) . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 1990;11:269–271
  29. Comings DE , Comings BG . A controlled study of Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit, disorder, learning disabilities, and school problems . Am J Hum Genet . 1987;4:701–741
  30. Sverd J , Gadow RD , Paolicelli L . MPH treatment of ADHD in boys with TS . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry . 1989;28:574–579
  31. Gadow KD , Sverd J , Sprafkin J , et al.   Efficacy of methylphenidate for ADHD in children with tic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;52:444–455
  32. Castellanos FX , Giedd JN , Ella J , et al.   Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid TS. Effects of stimulant and dose . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1997;36:589–596
  33. Gadow KD , Sverd J , Sprafkin J , et al.   Long-term MPH therapy in children with comorbid ADHD and chronic multiple tic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999;56:330–336
  34. The TS Study Group . Treatment of ADHD in children with tics. A randomized controlled study . Neurology . 2002;58:527–536
  35. Golden GS . Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome following methylphenidate administration . Develop Med Child Neurol . 1974;16:76–78
  36. Golden GS . The effect of central nervous system stimulants on Tourette syndrome . Ann Neurol . 1977;2:69–70
  37. Pollack MA , Cohen NL , Friedhoff AJ . Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Familial occurrence and prescription by methylphenidate therapy . Arch Neurol . 1977;34:630–632
  38. Bremness AB , Sverd J . Methylphenidate-induced Tourette syndrome (case report) . Am J Psychiatry . 1979;136:1334–1335
  39. Mitchell E , Matthews KL . Gilles de la Tourette’s disorder associated with pemoline . Am J Psychiatry . 1980;137:1618–1619
  40. Bachman DS . Pemoline-induced Tourette’s disorder (a case report) . Am J Psychiatry . 1981;138:1116–1117
  41. Shapiro AK , Shapiro E . Do stimulants provoke, cause, or exacerbate tics and TS? . Compr Psychiatry . 1981;22:265–273
  42. Lowe TL , Cohen DJ , Dettor J , et al.   Stimulant medications precipitate TS . JAMA . 1982;247:1729–1731
  43. Hartlage PL , Hamilton WJ , Dornbush MF . Cerebral stimulants in the treatment of TS . 1983; 1983 Child Neurology Society Meeting Poster, CNS
  44. Caine ED , Ludlow CL , Polinsky RJ , et al.   Provocative drug testing in TS (d-and l-amphetamine and haloperidol) . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry . 1984;23:147–152
  45. Erenberg G , Cruse RP , Rothner AD . Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (effects of stimulant drugs) . Neurology . 1985;35:1346–1348
  46. Price RA , Leckman JF , Pauls DL , et al.   GTS (tics and CNS stimulants in twins and nontwins) . Neurology . 1986;36:232–237
  47. Konkol RJ , Fischer M , Newby RF . Double blind, placebo controlled stimulant trial in children with TS and ADHD . Ann Neurol . 1990;28:424; (abstr)
  48. Borcherding BG , Keysor CS , Rapoport JL , et al.   Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs (is there a common vulnerability?) . Psychiatry Res . 1990;33:83–94
  49. Sprafkin J , Gadow KD . Four purported cases of MPH-induced tic exacerbation (methodological and clinical doubts) . J Child Adolesc Psychol Pharmacol . 1993;3:231–244
  50. Lipkin PH , Goldstein IJ , Adesman AR . Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant therapy in ADHD . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 1994;148:859–861
  51. Riddle MA , Lynch KA , Scahill L , et al.   MPH discontinuation and reinitiation during long-term treatment of children with TD and ADHD (a pilot study) . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol . 1995;5:205–214
  52. Nolan EE , Gadow KD , Sprafkin J . Stimulant medication withdrawal during long-term therapy in children with comorbid ADHD and chronic multiple tic disorder . Pediatrics . 1999;103:730–737
  53. Spencer T , Biederman J , Coffey B , et al.   The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with ADHD . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999;56:842–847
  54. Law SF , Schachar RJ . Do typical clinical doses of MPH cause tics in children treated for ADHD? . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1999;38:944–951
  55. Spencer TJ , Biederman J , Faraone S , et al.   Impact of tic disorders on ADHD outcome across the life cycle (findings from a large group of adults with and without ADHD) . Am J Psychiatry . 2001;158:611–617
  56. Palumbo D , Spencer T , Lynch J , et al.   Emergence tics in children with ADHD (impact of once-daily OROS® methylphenidate therapy) . J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacology . 2004;14:185–194

PII: S1071-9091(05)00081-1

doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2005.12.003

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 217-221 , December 2005