Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 231-242 , December 2006

Tic Disorders in Childhood

  • Joseph M. Dooley, MB, BCh, FRCPC

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Joseph M. Dooley, Pediatric Neurology Division, Dalhousie University and IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada.

References 

  1. Scahill L, Tanner C, Dure L. The epidemiology of tics and Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents. Adv Neurol. 2001;85:261–271
  2. Scahill L, Williams S, Schwab-Stone M, et al. Disruptive behavior problems in a community sample of children with tic disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:184–190
  3. Mason A, Banerjee S, Eapen V, et al. The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population: A pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:292–296
  4. Robertson MM. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette syndrome: The relationship and treatment implications (A commentary). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15:1–11
  5. Hornsey H, Banerjee S, Zeitlin H, et al. The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in 13-14 year-olds in mainstream schools. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:1035–1039
  6. Robertson MM, Orth M. Behavioral and affective disorders in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:39–60
  7. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (ed 4).. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  8. Goldenberg JN, Brown SB, Weiner WJ. Coprolalia in younger patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 1994;9:622–625
  9. Eapen V, Fox-Hiley P, Banerjee S, et al. Clinical features and associated psychopathology in a Tourette syndrome cohort. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109:255–260
  10. Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, et al. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:1–16
  11. Leckman JF, Walker DE, Cohen DJ. Premonitory urges in Tourette’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:98–102
  12. Meidinger AL, Miltenberger RG, Himle M, et al. An investigation of tic suppression and the rebound effect in Tourette’s disorder. Behav Modif. 2005;29:716–745
  13. Himle MB, Woods DW. An experimental evaluation of tic suppression and the tic rebound effect. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:1443–1451
  14. Kwak C, Dat Vuong K, Jankovic J. Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1530–1633
  15. Banaschewski T, Woerner W, Rothenberger A. Premonitory sensory phenomena and suppressibility of tics in Tourette syndrome: Developmental aspects in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45:700–703
  16. Leckman JF. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Brain Dev. 2003;25(suppl 1):S25–S28
  17. Singer HS. Tourette’s syndrome: From behavior to biology. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:149–159
  18. Hounie AG, do Rosario-Campos MC, Diniz JB, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:22–38
  19. Swerdlow RN, Zinner S, Farber HR, et al. Symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome: A spectrum?. CNS Spectrums. 1999;4:21–23
  20. Lim S, Rezai KA, Abrams GW, et al. Self-induced bilateral retinal detachment in Tourette syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:930–931
  21. deGroot CM, Bernstein RA. Obsessive characteristics in subjects with Tourette’s syndrome are related to symptoms in their parents. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:248–251
  22. Leckman JF. Tourette’s syndrome. Lancet. 2002;360:1577–1586
  23. Dooley JM, Brna PM, Gordon KE. Parent perceptions of symptom severity in Tourette syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:440–441
  24. Perugi G, Toni C, Frare F, et al. Obsessive-compulsive-bipolar co morbidity: A systematic exploration of clinical features and treatment outcome. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1129–1134
  25. Burd L, Freeman RD, Klug MG, et al. Tourette syndrome and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5:34–39
  26. Jankovic J, Mejia NI. Tics associated with other disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:61–68
  27. Coffey BJ, Shechter RL. Treatment of co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder, mood and anxiety disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:208–221
  28. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O’Roak BJ, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317–320
  29. Murphy TK, Husted DS, Edge PJ. Preclinical/clinical evidence of central nervous systeminfectious etiology in PANDAS. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:148–158
  30. Swedo SE, Rapapport JL, Cheslow DL. High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:246–249
  31. Cardona F, Orefici G. Group A streptococcal infections and tic disorders in an Italian pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2001;138:71–75
  32. Morshed SA, Parveen S, Leckman JF, et al. Antibodies against neural, nuclear, cytoskeletal, and streptococcal epitopes in children and adults with Tourette’s syndrome, Sydenham’s chorea, and autoimmune disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:566–567
  33. Singer HS, Giuliano JD, Hansen BH, et al. Antibodies against human putamen in children with Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 1998;50:1618–1624
  34. Loiselle CR, Wendlandt JT, Rohde CA, et al. Antistreptococcal, neuronal, and nuclear antibodies in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28:119–125
  35. Singer HS, Williams PN. Autoimmunity and pediatric movement disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:166–178
  36. Chowdhury U, Heyman I. Tourette’s syndrome in children: Tic disorders are common and misunderstood. BMJ. 2004;329:1356–1357
  37. Seemüller F, Dehning S, Grunze H, et al. Tourette’s symptoms provoked by lamotrigine in a bipolar patient. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:159
  38. World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases. (ed 10).. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992;
  39. Tourette Syndrome Classification Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1013–1016
  40. Cohrs S, Rasch T, Altmeyer S, et al. Decreased sleep quality and increased sleep related movements in Tourette’s syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:192–197
  41. McMahon W, Carter AS, Fredine N, et al. Children at familial risk for Tourette’s disorder: Child and parent diagnoses. Am J Med Genet. 2003;121:105–111
  42. Dooley JM, Gordon KE, Wood EP, et al. The utility of the physical examination and investigations in the pediatric neurology consultation. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28:96–99
  43. Dooley JM, Stokes A, Gordon KE. Pseudo-tics in Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 1994;9:50–51
  44. Piacentini JC, Chang SW. Behavioral treatment for tic suppression: habit reversal training. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:227–233
  45. Rampello L, Alvano A, Battaglia G, et al. Tic disorders: from pathophysiology to treatment. J Neurol. 2006;253:1–15
  46. Peterson AL, Azrin NH. An evaluation of behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 1992;30:167–174
  47. Sandor P. Pharmacological management of tics in patients with TS. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55:41–48
  48. Gaffney GR, Perry PJ, Lund BC, et al. Risperidone versus clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:330–336
  49. Kofoed L, Tadepalli G, Oesterheld JR, et al. Case series: Clonidine has no systematic effects on PR or QTc intervals in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1193–1196
  50. Seignot MJN. Un cas de maladie des tic de Gilles de la Tourette gueri par le R-1163. Ann Med Psychol. 1961;119:578–579
  51. Caprini GMV. Un grave sindroma ticcosa guarita con haloperidol. Riv Sper Freniatr. 1961;85:191–196
  52. Golden GS. Tardive dyskinesia in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1985;1:192–194
  53. Riddle M, Hardin M, Towbin KE, et al. Tardive dyskinesia following haloperidol treatment in Tourette’s syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:98–99
  54. Silva RR, Magee HJ, Friedhoff AJ. Persistent tardive dyskinesia and other neuroleptics-related dyskinesias in Tourette’s disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1993;3:137–144
  55. Wolf DV, Wagner KD. Tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, and tardive Tourette’s syndrome in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1993;3:175–198
  56. Muller-Vahl KR. The treatment of Tourette’s syndrome: current opinions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3:899–914
  57. Evidente VG. Is it a tic or Tourette’s? (Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders). Postgrad Med. 2000;108:175–176179-182
  58. Nicolson R, Craven-Thuss B, Smith J, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of metoclopramide for the treatment of Tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:640–646
  59. Scahill L, Blair J, Leckman JF, et al. Sudden death in a patient with Tourette syndrome during clinical trial of Ziprasidone. Psychopharm. 2005;19:205–206
  60. Cianchetti C, Fratta A, Pisano T, et al. Pergolide improvement in neuroleptics-resistant Tourette cases: Various mechanisms causing tics. Neurol Sci. 2005;26:137–139
  61. Kenney C, Jankovic J. Tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;6:7–17
  62. Toren P, Weizman A, Ratner S, et al. Ondansetron treatment in Tourette’s disorder: A 3-week randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:499–503
  63. Muller-Vahl KR. Cannabinoids reduce symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:1717–1725
  64. Muller-Vahl KR, Prevedel H, Theloe K, et al. Treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC): No influence on neuropsychological performance. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:384–388
  65. Awaad Y, Michon AM, Minarik S. Use of leviteracetam to treat tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2005;20:714–718
  66. Murphy TK, Bengtson MA, Soto O, et al. Case series on the use of aripiprazole for Tourette syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;28:1–2
  67. Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Stkaprinis G. Successful treatment of Tourette’s disorder with amisulpride. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:901
  68. Muller N. Anti-inflammatory therapy with a COX-2 inhibitor in Tourette’s syndrome. Inflammopharmacology. 2004;12:271–275
  69. Gadow KD, Sverd J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic tic disorder and methylphenidate. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:197–207
  70. The Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics. Neurology. 2002;58:527–536
  71. Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology. 2005;65:1941–1949
  72. Hammerness PG, Vivas FM, Geller DA. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pediatric psychopharmacology: A review of the evidence. J Pediatr. 2006;148:158–165
  73. Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Team. Cognitive behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized control trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1969–1976
  74. Budman CL. Treatment of aggression in Tourette Syndrome. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:222–226
  75. Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2003;60:1130–11135
  76. Malone DA, Pandya MM. Behavioral neurosurgery. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:241–247
  77. Houeto JL, Karachi C, Mallet L, et al. Tourette’s syndrome and deep brain stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:992–995
  78. Zhang XH, Li YJ, Zuahng P. A study on outcome and mechanism of surgical treatment for Tourette’s syndrome. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2005;43:608–611
  79. Sun B, Krahl SE, Zhan S, et al. Improved capsulotomy for refractory Tourette’s syndrome. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2005;83:55–56
  80. Vlieger AM, van de Putte EM, Hoeksma H. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in children at a general pediatric clinic and parental reasons for use. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006;150:625–630
  81. Cott JM. Herb-drug interactions: Focus on pharmacokinetics. CNS Spectrums. 2001;6:827–832
  82. Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Louis ED, et al. Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gille de la Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2003;61:936–940
  83. Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, et al. Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:65–69
  84. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Stebbins GT, et al. Adult tics in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Description and risk factors. Neurology. 1993;42:784–788
  85. Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD. The natural history of Tourette syndrome: A follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:383–385
  86. Singer HS. Discussing outcome in Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:103–105
  87. Stokes A, Bawden HN, Camfield PR, et al. Peer problems in Tourette’s disorder. Pediatrics. 1991;87:936–942

PII: S1071-9091(06)00127-6

doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2006.09.004

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 231-242 , December 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution