« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 15, Issue 2
, Pages 100-106
, June 2008
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Implications for the Developing Central Nervous System
References
- . Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4-5 year olds. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:360–366
- Symptoms of sleep disturbances among children at two general pediatrics clinics. J Pediatr. 2002;140:97–102
- A diagnostic approach to suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children. J Pediatr. 1984;105:10–14
- . Snoring, apneic episodes, and nocturnal hypoxemia among children 6 months to 6-years-old. Chest. 1995;107:963–966
- . The epidemiology of sleep related breathing disorders in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;32:S63–S66
- . Sleep habits and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in infants and young toddlers in Louisville, Kentucky. Sleep Med. 2006;7:211–219
- Snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in young children: subjective and objective correlates. Sleep. 2004;27:87–94
- . Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:242–252
- . Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;153:866–878
- Sleep-disordered breathing in 3,680 Greek children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;37:499–509
- Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2003;111:554–563
- Snoring in French preschool children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1992;13:239–244
- Snoring in Portuguese primary school children. Pediatrics. 2000;106:E64
- . Snoring, noisy breathing in sleep and daytime behaviour in 2-4-month-old infants. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:734–739
- . Snoring in the first year of life. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92:425–429
- Snoring in 9- to 15-year-old children: Risk factors and clinical relevance. Pediatrics. 2001;180:1149–1154
- . A Manual of Diseases of the Throat and Nose, Including the Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea Oesophagus, Nasal Cavities, and Neck. London: Churchill; 1880;
- . The Principles and Practice of Medicine. In: New York: Appleton and Co; 1892;p. 335–339
- Sleep apnea in eight children. Pediatrics. 1976;58:28–31
- . Diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1992;14:71–74
- Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Complications, management, and long-term outcomes. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:274–282
- Mechanics of the respiratory system and breathing pattern during sleep in normal humans. J Appl Physiol. 1984;56:133–137
- Changes in upper airway muscle activation and ventilation during phasic REM sleep in normal men. J Appl Physiol. 1991;71:488–497
- . Influence of sleep on tensor palatini EMG and upper airway resistance in normal men. J Appl Physiol. 1991;70:2574–2581
- Geniohyoid muscle activity in normal men during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69:1262–1269
- Upper airway resistance and geniohyoid muscle activity in normal men during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69:1252–1261
- Upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77:918–924
- . Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: A developmental perspective. Sleep. 2004;27:997–1019
- A longitudinal study of the growth of the nasopharynx and its contents in normal children. Br J Radiol. 1981;54:117–121
- Linear dimensions of the upper airway structure during development: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:117–122
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway structure of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:698–703
- . Genetics, control of breathing, and sleep-disordered breathing: A review. Sleep Med. 2001;2:281–295
- Familial aggregates in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 1995;107:1545–1551
- . Family studies in patients with the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:174–178
- The familial aggregation of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:815–818
- . Assessment of the role of inheritance in sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:688–691
- Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:186–192
- The familial aggregation of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:682–687
- Studies in the genetics of obstructive sleep apnea (Familial aggregation of symptoms associated with sleep-related breathing disturbances). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:440–444
- Whole genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in African-American families. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1314–1321
- Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 1991;88:132–139
- Distinct patterns of respiratory difficulty in young children with achondroplasia: A clinical, sleep, and lung function study. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:99–108
- Sleep-disordered breathing in children with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr. 1998;132:672–681
- Adiposity in relation to age as predictor of severity of sleep apnea in children with snoring. Sleep Breath. 2008;12:25–31
- Prevalence and ethnicity of sleep-disordered breathing and obesity in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:878–882
- . Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006;7:247–259
- Sleep-disordered breathing in overweight and obese children and adolescents: Prevalence, characteristics and the role of fat distribution. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:205–208
- A case-control study of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in obese and non-obese Chinese children. Chest. 2008;133:684–689
- A controlled study of sleep related disordered breathing in obese children. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:1043–1047
- . Sleep tendency: An objective measure of sleep loss. Sleep Res. 1977;6:200
- Subjective sleepiness and polysomnographic correlates in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy vs other surgical care. Sleep. 2006;29:495–503
- Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Sleep. 2004;27:261–266
- Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Chest. 1995;108:610–618
- . Objective sleepiness measures in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2001;108:693–697
- Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114:768–775
- . Sleep patterns and sleep disruptions in school age children. Dev Psychol. 2000;36:291–301
- . Sleep problems in early childhood: Continuities, predictive factors, and behavioral correlates. Pediatrics. 1987;80:664–671
- Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2001;107:e60
- . Sleep problems in toddlers: Effects of treatment on their daytime behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994;33:1114–1121
- . Natural history of snoring and related behaviour problems between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71:74–76
- Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. Sleep. 1997;20:1185–1192
- . Sleep disordered breathing: Effects of adenotonsillectomy on behaviour and psychological functioning. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155:56–62
- Children and nocturnal snoring–Evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning. Eur J Pediatr. 1982;139:165–171
- Sleep and psychiatric symptoms in school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:502–508
- Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): Validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems. Sleep Med. 2000;1:21–32
- . Hyperactivity and polysomnographic findings in children evaluated for sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep. 2001;24:313–320
- . Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioural difficulties in 635 children aged six to eight years: A study based on parents' perceptions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;10:1–9
- Sleep and behaviour problems among preschoolers. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1999;20:164–169
- Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114:44–49
- Neurobehavioral correlates of sleep disordered breathing in children. J Sleep Res. 2004;13:165–172
- Behavior and neurocognitive performance in children aged 5-10 years who snore compared to controls. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22:554–568
- . Snore-associated sleep fragmentation in infancy: Mental development effects and contribution of secondhand cigarette smoke exposure. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e496–e502
- The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2004;114:805–816
- . Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102:616–620
- Signs of airway obstruction during sleep and behavioral, developmental and academic problems. Dev Behav Pediatr. 1983;4:119–121
- Adenotonsillectomy improves neurocognitive function in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2003;26:999–1005
- . Long-term changes in behavior after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:374–378
- Nocturnal hypoxia and neuropsychological variables. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1986;8:229–238
- Sleep disturbance in children with attention deficit disorder. Ann Neurol. 1988;24:322
- Sleep disturbances in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:237–243
- . Sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Minerva Pediatr. 2004;56:585–601
- Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 1995;18:43–52
- Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13:950–964
- . Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: Towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res. 2002;11:1–16
- . The impact of inadequate sleep on children's daytime and cognitive function. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996;3:44–50
- . Neurobehavioral effects of obstructive sleep apnea: An overview and heuristic model. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11:494–500
- Neuropsychological and behavioral correlates of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep Res. 1997;26(suppl):452
- Neuropsychological and behavioral correlates of obstructive sleep apnea in children: A preliminary study. Sleep Breath. 2000;2:67–78
- Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 1995;127:741–744
- . Cognition sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnea. Eur Resp J. 2005;25:336–342
- . Neurocognitive dysfunction in children with sleep disorders. Dev Sci. 2006;9:388–399
- Effect of adenotonsillectomy on nocturnal hypoxaemia, sleep disturbance, and symptoms in snoring children. Lancet. 1990;335:249–253
- . Snoring during early childhood and academic performance at age thirteen to fourteen years. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1394–1399
- Intermittent hypoxia during development induces long-term alterations in spatial working memory, monoamines, and dendritic branching in rat frontal cortex. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:594–599
- Intermittent hypoxia is associated with oxidant stress and spatial learning deficits in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1548–1553
- Proteomic analysis of CA1 and CA3 regions of rat hippocampus and differential susceptibility to intermittent hypoxia. J Neurochem. 2002;83:331–345
- Increased oxidative stress is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated brain cortical neuronal cell apoptosis in a mouse model of sleep apnea. Neuroscience. 2004;126:313–323
- . Chronic hypoxia leads to oxidative stress in the rat cerebellum and pons. J Neurochem. 2005;93:47–52
- Manganese superoxide dismutase protects mouse cortical neurons from chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated oxidative damage. Neurobiol Dis. 2007;28:206–215
- Role of cyclooxygenase 2 in intermittent hypoxia-induced learning deficits in the rat. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2003;168:469–475
- Platelet-activating factor receptor deficient mice are protected from experimental sleep apnea-induced spatial learning deficits. J Neurochem. 2004;89:189–196
- Nitric oxide synthase and intermittent hypoxia-induced spatial learning deficits in the rat. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;17:44–53
- Apolipoprotein E deficient mice exhibit increased vulnerability to intermittent hypoxia-induced spatial learning deficits. Sleep. 2005;28:1412–1417
- Intermittent hypoxic exposure during sleep induces changes in CREB activity in the rat CA1 hippocampal region: Water maze performance correlates. Neuroscience. 2003;122:585–590
- Intermittent hypoxia induces time-dependent changes in Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampal CA1 region of the rat. Neurobiol Dis. 2003;14:440–446
- Temporal aspects of spatial task performance during intermittent hypoxia in the rat: Evidence for neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci. 2003;18:2335–2342
- C-reactive protein, obstructive sleep apnea, and cognitive dysfunction in school-aged children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:188–193
- APOE epsilon 4 allele, cognitive dysfunction, and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Neurology. 2007;69:243–249
- Spatial pre-training attenuates hippocampal impairments in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Neurosci Lett. 2003;339:67–71
- Gozal D, Sans Capdevila O, Crabtree VM, et al: Plasma IGF-1 levels and cognitive dysfunction in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Feb 29, 2008 (Epub ahead of print)
- High fat/refined carbohydrate diet enhances the susceptibility to spatial learning deficits in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Brain Res. 2006;1090:190–196
- Burckhardt IC, Gozal D, Dayyat E, et al: Green tea catechin polyphenols attenuate behavioral and oxidative responses to intermittent hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Feb 14, 2008 (Epub ahead of print)
DG is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL65270 and HL83075), The Children's Foundation Endowment for Sleep Research, and The Commonwealth of Kentucky Research Challenge Trust Fund.
PII: S1071-9091(08)00030-2
doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2008.03.006
© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
Volume 15, Issue 2
, Pages 100-106
, June 2008
